编译｜冯维维
Science, 15 MAR 2024, VOLUME 383 ISSUE 6688
《科学》2024年3月15日，第383卷，6688期
化学Chemistry
Reinforcing self-assembly of hole transport molecules for stable inverted perovskite solar cells
钙钛矿太阳能电池中空穴输运分子的增强自组装
▲ 作者：HONGCAI TANG, ZHICHAO SHEN, YANGZI SHEN, GE YAN, YANBO, QIFENG HAN, AND LIYUAN HAN
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj9602
▲ 摘要：
研究者使用原子层沉积来稳定钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSCs）中用作空穴传输层的自组装单层（SAM）。他们发现，在通过原子层沉积沉积额外的氧化铟后，SAMs在透明氧化铟锡电极上的锚定强度更强。
这些薄膜具有高覆盖率的强化学吸附羟基，通过三甲氧基硅烷基团结合SAM。在85℃的最大功率点跟踪下工作1200小时后，倒置PSCs保持了98%的功率转换效率。
▲ Abstract：
Atomic-layer deposition was used by Tang et al. to stabilize self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) used as the hole-transporter layer in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). They found that SAMs were anchored more strongly to the transparent indium tin oxide electrode after additional indium oxide was deposited by atomic-layer deposition. These films had a high coverage of strongly chemisorbed hydroxyl groups that bound the SAM through trimethoxysilane groups. Inverted PSCs maintained 98% of their power-conversion efficiency after operating at maximum power point tracking at 85°C for 1200 hours.
Electron injection and defect passivation for high-efficiency mesoporous perovskite solar cells
高效介孔钙钛矿太阳能电池的电子注入与缺陷钝化
▲ 作者：JIALE LIU, XIAYAN CHEN, KAIZHONG CHEN, WENMING TIAN, YUSONG SHENG, BIN SHE, YOUYU JIANG, DEYI ZHANG, YANG LIU, etc.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk9089
▲ 摘要：
通过氧化钛界面缺陷钝化改进电子注入，提高了介孔钙钛矿太阳能电池的效率。在这些装置中，由碳、二氧化钛和填充钙钛矿的二氧化锆组成的层状介孔支架具有条带排列，可以在没有空穴传输层的情况下分离电荷。
研究者用磷酸铵钝化二氧化钛上的缺陷，改善电子注入。由此产生的电荷重组的减少将功率转换效率提高到22%左右。在55℃的最大功率点跟踪750小时后，设备保持了97%的初始效率。
▲ Abstract：
Improved electron injection through passivation of defects at the titanium oxide interface has boosted the efficiency of mesoporous perovskite solar cells. In these devices, a layered mesoporous scaffold of carbon, titanium dioxide, and zirconium dioxide filled with perovskite has a band alignment that separates charges without a hole-transporter layer. Liu et al. passivated defects on titanium dioxide with ammonium phosphate to improve electron injection. The resulting decrease in charge recombination boosted the power-conversion efficiency to about 22%. Devices maintained 97% of their initial efficiency after 750 hours of maximum power point tracking at 55°C.
A commercially viable solution process to control long-chain branching in polyethylene
商业上可行的控制聚乙烯长链分支的溶液工艺
▲ 作者：ROBERT D. FROESE, DANIEL J. ARRIOLA, JAAP DEN DOELDER, JIANBO HOU, TERESITA KASHYAP, KERAN LU, LUCA MARTINETTI, AND BRYAN D. STUBBERT
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn3067
▲ 摘要：
低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）广泛应用于塑料薄膜和其他柔韧制品，其性质来自于分支分子结构，而非直分子结构，这需要一种能量密集的高压合成技术。研究者报告了一种在温和的溶液条件下实现长链分支的独特方法。
他们的催化剂可以同时组装两条链，通过使用少量的二烯和乙烯的混合物来连接，形成一个阶梯状的几何结构。所得塑料具有与LDPE相当的性能。
▲ Abstract：
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is widely applied in plastic films and other pliable products. It derives its properties from a branched rather than straight molecular structure, which requires an energy-intensive, high-pressure synthesis technique. Froese et al. report a distinct method to achieve long-chain branching under milder, solution-phase conditions. Their catalyst can assemble two chains at once, linked through the use of a small amount of diene mixed in with the ethylene, to create a ladder-like geometry. The resulting plastic has properties comparable to LDPE.
Two-dimensional materials by large-scale computations and chemical exfoliation of layered solids
二维材料的大规模计算和层状固体的化学剥落
▲ 作者：JONAS BJÖRK, JIE ZHOU, PER O. Å. PERSSON, AND JOHANNA ROSEN
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj6556
▲ 摘要：
MXenes是一类由过渡金属碳化物、氮化物或碳氮化物组成的层状无机化合物。它们通常是通过在酸性条件下对三维（3D）母材进行选择性蚀刻而获得的。一个悬而未决的问题是，是否有其他分层材料可以利用现有的化学工艺获得。
研究者描述了一种使用计算进行高通量筛选的方法，以确定哪些3D材料可能进行成功的化学剥离。他们确定了119个潜在的候选材料，并通过实验从母体YRu2Si2化合物中合成了Ru2SixOy纳米片，这是一种与标准MXenes家族完全不同的材料。
▲ Abstract：
MXenes are a family of layered inorganic compounds made of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides. They are most often obtained through the selective etching of three-dimensional (3D) parent materials under acidic conditions. One open question is whether there are other layered materials that might be obtained using existing chemical processes. Björk et al. describe a method for high-throughput screening using computation to determine which 3D materials might undergo successful chemical exfoliation. The authors identified 119 possible candidates, from which they experimentally synthesized Ru2SixOy nanosheets from a parent YRu2Si2 compound, a material quite different from the standard families of MXenes
Grid-plainification enables medium-temperature PbSe thermoelectrics to cool better than Bi2Te3
电网平化可使中温硒化铅热电材料比碲化铋更好地冷却
▲ 作者：YONGXIN QIN, BINGCHAO QIN, TAO HONG, XIAO ZHANG, DONGYANG WANG, DONGRUI LIU, ZI-YUAN WANG, LIZHONG SU, SINING WANG, AND LI-DONG ZHAO
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk9589
▲ 摘要：
热电冷却是一种有吸引力的固态方法，但目前它依赖于资源有限的碲基材料。研究者发现了一种相对简单的硒化铅基材料，具有吸引人的冷却潜力。
他们发现，在混合物中加入额外的铅有助于填补空缺，从而提高热电效率。通过将这种材料与硒化锡配对，研究者构建了一个具有相对吸引人的性能的冷却装置，并展示了无碲冷却的潜力。
▲ Abstract：
Thermoelectric cooling is an attractive solid-state method, but it currently relies on resource-limited telluride-based materials. Qin et al. discovered a relatively simple lead selenide–based material that has attractive cooling potential. They found compositions in which extra lead added to the system helped to fill in vacancies, thus improving the thermoelectric efficiency. By pairing this material with tin selenide, the authors built a cooling device that has relatively attractive performance and demonstrates the potential for tellurium-free cooling.
生态学Ecology
Diversity begets stability: Sublinear growth and competitive coexistence across ecosystems
多样性带来稳定性：跨生态系统的亚线性增长和竞争性共存
▲ 作者：IAN A. HATTON, ONOFRIO MAZZARISI, ADA ALTIERI, AND MATTEO SMERLAK
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg8488
▲ 摘要：
随着时间的推移，地球上一些最具生物多样性的生态系统也是最稳定的，然而生态学理论预测，当更多的物种共存时，群落会变得不那么稳定。最常用的物种共存模型来自Lotka-Volterra模型，该模型假设种群遵循逻辑增长模式，并且需要自我调节以允许多个物种稳定共存。
研究者发现，一种具有亚线性人口增长的替代模型在人口水平上提供了与广义Lotka-Volterra模型几乎相同的预测，但对社区的预测却截然不同。在亚线性模型下，多样性促进稳定性。该模型与已发表的种群时间序列和宏观生态尺度关系一致。
▲ Abstract：
Some of Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystems are also its most stable over time, yet ecological theory predicts that communities become less stable when more species co-occur. The most commonly used models of species coexistence are derived from the Lotka-Volterra model, which assumes that populations follow logistic growth patterns and that self-regulation is required to allow multiple species to stably coexist. Hatton et al. show that an alternative model with sublinear population growth provides nearly identical predictions to generalized Lotka-Volterra models at the population level but very different predictions for communities. Under the sublinear model, diversity promotes stability. This model is consistent with published population time series and macroecological scaling relationships.
编译 | 未玖
Science, 15 SEP 2023, VOL 381, ISSUE 6663
《科学》2023年9月15日，第381卷，6663期
人工智能Artificial Intelligence
Edge learning using a fully integrated neuro-inspired memristor chip
使用全集成类脑忆阻器芯片进行边缘学习
▲ 作者：Wenbin Zhang, Peng Yao, Bin Gao, Qi Liu, Dong Wu, Qingtian Zhang, et al.
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.ade3483
▲ 摘要：
学习对于边缘智能设备适应不同的应用场景和用户非常重要。当前训练神经网络的技术需要在计算和存储单元之间移动大量数据，这阻碍了在边缘设备上实现学习。
研究组开发了一种全集成忆阻器芯片，提高了学习能力，降低了能耗。STELLAR架构中包括学习算法、硬件实现和并行电导调制策略的方案，是通过使用忆阻器交叉阵列来促进片上学习的通用方法，而与忆阻器器件类型无关。
在这项研究中执行的任务包括运动控制、图像分类和语音识别。
▲ Abstract：
Learning is highly important for edge intelligence devices to adapt to different application scenes and owners. Current technologies for training neural networks require moving massive amounts of data between computing and memory units, which hinders the implementation of learning on edge devices. We developed a fully integrated memristor chip with the improvement learning ability and low energy cost. The schemes in the STELLAR architecture, including its learning algorithm, hardware realization, and parallel conductance tuning scheme, are general approaches that facilitate on-chip learning by using a memristor crossbar array, regardless of the type of memristor device. Tasks executed in this study included motion control, image classification, and speech recognition.
Powerful, soft combustion actuators for insect-scale robots
用于昆虫级机器人的强大、软燃烧致动器
▲ 作者：Cameron A. Aubin, Ronald H. Heisser, Ofek Peretz, Julia Timko, Jacqueline Lo, E. Farrell Helbling, et al.
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adg5067
▲ 摘要：
昆虫相对于其较小的身体，拥有惊人的强大力量和耐力。昆虫级机器人尽管遵循相同的缩放定律，但与昆虫相比性能却大大下降，这是因为当前微致动器技术由低能量密度电源驱动，产生的力和/或位移都很小。使用高能量密度化学燃料为小型软致动器提供动力是一种潜在解决方案。
研究组展示了一个325毫克的软燃烧微致动器，可实现140%的位移，工作频率>100赫兹，并产生>9.5牛顿的力。利用这些致动器为一个昆虫大小的四足机器人提供动力，该机器人展示了各种步态模式、方向控制和22倍于其体重的有效载荷能力。这些特征使昆虫机器人能够在崎岖地形和障碍物上移动。
▲ Abstract：
Insects perform feats of strength and endurance that belie their small stature. Insect-scale robots—although subject to the same scaling laws—demonstrate reduced performance because existing microactuator technologies are driven by low–energy density power sources and produce small forces and/or displacements. The use of high–energy density chemical fuels to power small, soft actuators represents a possible solution. We demonstrate a 325-milligram soft combustion microactuator that can achieve displacements of 140%, operate at frequencies >100 hertz, and generate forces >9.5 newtons. With these actuators, we powered an insect-scale quadrupedal robot, which demonstrated a variety of gait patterns, directional control, and a payload capacity 22 times its body weight. These features enabled locomotion through uneven terrain and over obstacles.
医学Medicine
MEG3 activates necroptosis in human neuron xenografts modeling Alzheimer’s disease
在模拟阿尔茨海默病的人类神经元异种移植物中MEG3激活坏死性凋亡
▲ 作者：Sriram Balusu, Katrien Horré, Nicola Thrupp, Katleen Craessaerts, An Snellinx, Lutgarde Serneels, et al.
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.abp9556
▲ 摘要：
神经元丢失是阿尔茨海默病（AD）的一个决定性特征，但其潜在机制尚不清楚。
研究组将人类或小鼠神经元异种移植到AD小鼠模型的大脑中。结果只有人类神经元显示缠结、Gallyas银染色、颗粒空泡变性（GVD）、磷酸化tau血液生物标志物和相当大的神经元丢失。长非编码RNA MEG3在人类神经元中被强烈上调。这种神经元特异性长非编码RNA在AD患者中也被上调。
MEG3单独表达足以在体外诱导人神经元坏死性凋亡。通过受体相互作用蛋白激酶1（RIPK1）、RIPK3或混合谱系激酶结构域样蛋白（MLKL）的药理学或基因学操作来下调MEG3和抑制坏死性凋亡，可挽救异种移植人类神经元中的神经元丢失。该模型提供了潜在的AD治疗方法，并揭示了人类对AD的特定易感性。
▲ Abstract：
Neuronal cell loss is a defining feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We xenografted human or mouse neurons into the brain of a mouse model of AD. Only human neurons displayed tangles, Gallyas silver staining, granulovacuolar neurodegeneration (GVD), phosphorylated tau blood biomarkers, and considerable neuronal cell loss. The long noncoding RNA MEG3 was strongly up-regulated in human neurons. This neuron-specific long noncoding RNA is also up-regulated in AD patients. MEG3 expression alone was sufficient to induce necroptosis in human neurons in vitro. Down-regulation of MEG3 and inhibition of necroptosis using pharmacological or genetic manipulation of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, or mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) rescued neuronal cell loss in xenografted human neurons. This model suggests potential therapeutic approaches for AD and reveals a human-specific vulnerability to AD.
Conserved γδ T cell selection by BTNL proteins limits progression of human inflammatory bowel disease
BTNL蛋白保守的γδ T细胞选择限制了人类炎症性肠病的进展
▲ 作者：Robin J. Dart, Iva Zlatareva, Pierre Vantourout, Efstathios Theodoridis, Ariella Amar, Shichina Kannambath, et al.
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adh0301
▲ 摘要：
小鼠上皮内γδ T细胞包括不同的组织保护细胞，由上皮嗜丁酸蛋白样（BTNL）异构体选择。
为了确定这种生物学是否在人类中保守，研究组对人结肠γδ T细胞区室进行了表征，确定了一个包括共表达T细胞受体Vγ4和上皮结合整合素CD103的表型不同亚群的多样性库。该亚群在炎症性肠病中不成比例地减少和失调，而治疗中CD103+γδ T细胞恢复与炎症性肠病的持续缓解相关。
此外，具有种系BTNL3/BTNL8亚型的人也表现出CD103+Vγ4+细胞失调和缺失，研究组确定这是穿透性克罗恩病（CD）的一个危险因素。因此，BTNL依赖性的选择和/或维持不同的组织内在γδ T细胞似乎是一个进化上保守的轴，限制了全球发病率不断上升的复杂、多因素、组织损伤疾病的进展。
▲ Abstract：
Murine intraepithelial γδ T cells include distinct tissue-protective cells selected by epithelial butyrophilin-like (BTNL) heteromers. To determine whether this biology is conserved in humans, we characterized the colonic γδ T cell compartment, identifying a diverse repertoire that includes a phenotypically distinct subset coexpressing T cell receptor Vγ4 and the epithelium-binding integrin CD103. This subset was disproportionately diminished and dysregulated in inflammatory bowel disease, whereas on-treatment CD103+γδ T cell restoration was associated with sustained inflammatory bowel disease remission. Moreover, CD103+Vγ4+cell dysregulation and loss were also displayed by humans with germline BTNL3/BTNL8 hypomorphism, which we identified as a risk factor for penetrating Crohn’s disease (CD). Thus, BTNL-dependent selection and/or maintenance of distinct tissue-intrinsic γδ T cells appears to be an evolutionarily conserved axis limiting the progression of a complex, multifactorial, tissue-damaging disease of increasing global incidence.
动物学Zoology
Songbird species that display more-complex vocal learning are better problem-solvers and have larger brains
鸣禽发声学习能力越强，越能更好地解决问题，大脑也越大
▲ 作者：Jean-Nicolas Audet, Mélanie Couture & Erich D. Jarvis
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adh3428
▲ 摘要：
复杂发声学习是人类口语的一个重要组成部分，一直被认为与更高级的认知能力有关。在同一物种内的个体之间对该假设的测试尚无定论，也尚未在整个物种间进行过测试。
在这项工作中，研究组评估了23种鸟类中214只个体的一系列认知技能（即解决问题、联想和反向学习以及自我控制），其中包括19种野生捕获的鸣禽、两种驯养鸣禽和两种野生捕获的无发声学习鸟类。
结果发现，一个物种的发声学习能力越强，其解决问题的能力就越好，大脑也相对越大。当控制非认知变量和系统发育时，该结论仍成立。研究结果支持了一种假设，即鸣禽在发声学习、解决问题和更大的大脑之间存在着共同的遗传和认知机制。
▲ Abstract：
Complex vocal learning, a critical component of human spoken language, has been assumed to be associated with more-advanced cognitive abilities. Tests of this hypothesis between individuals within a species have been inconclusive and have not been done across species. In this work, we measured an array of cognitive skills—namely, problem-solving, associative and reversal learning, and self-control—across 214 individuals of 23 bird species, including 19 wild-caught songbird species, two domesticated songbird species, and two wild-caught vocal nonlearning species. We found that the greater the vocal learning abilities of a species, the better their problem-solving skills and the relatively larger their brains. These conclusions held when controlling for noncognitive variables and phylogeny. Our results support a hypothesis of shared genetic and cognitive mechanisms between vocal learning, problem-solving, and bigger brains in songbirds.
神经科学Neuroscience
Presynaptic Ube3a E3 ligase promotes synapse elimination through down-regulation of BMP signaling
突触前Ube3a E3连接酶通过下调BMP信号促进突触消除
▲ 作者：Kotaro Furusawa, Kenichi Ishii, Masato Tsuji, Nagomi Tokumitsu, Eri Hasegawa & Kazuo Emoto
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.ade8978
▲ 摘要：
泛素连接酶Ube3a失活导致发育障碍Angelman综合征，而Ube3a剂量增加与自闭症谱系障碍有关。尽管Ube3a在包括突触前的轴突末端有丰富定位，但人们对Ube3a的突触前功能及其突触前定位的机制知之甚少。
研究组发现发育性突触消除需要果蝇神经元的突触前Ube3a活性，并进一步确定了Ube3a与驱动蛋白马达相互作用所必需的结构域。
Angelman综合征相关的相互作用域错义突变减弱了Ube3a的突触前靶向并阻止突触消除。相反，突触前Ube3a活性的增加会导致早熟突触消除并损害突触传递。该研究结果揭示了Ube3a的生理作用，并提出了与Ube3a失调相关的潜在致病机制。
▲ Abstract：
Inactivation of the ubiquitin ligase Ube3a causes the developmental disorder Angelman syndrome, whereas increased Ube3a dosage is associated with autism spectrum disorders. Despite the enriched localization of Ube3a in the axon terminals including presynapses, little is known about the presynaptic function of Ube3a and mechanisms underlying its presynaptic localization. We show that developmental synapse elimination requires presynaptic Ube3a activity in Drosophila neurons. We further identified the domain of Ube3a that is required for its interaction with the kinesin motor. Angelman syndrome–associated missense mutations in the interaction domain attenuate presynaptic targeting of Ube3a and prevent synapse elimination. Conversely, increased Ube3a activity in presynapses leads to precocious synapse elimination and impairs synaptic transmission. Our findings reveal the physiological role of Ube3a and suggest potential pathogenic mechanisms associated with Ube3a dysregulation.
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写科学论文通常需要遵循以下步骤:1.确定研究主题:选择一个你感兴趣并且有研究价值的主题。2.进行文献综述:广泛阅读相关的文献,了解前人的研究成果。3...
学术论文也称科学论文,是科技成果的文字表现形式。学术论文不同于实验报告或工作总结,它是创造性研究成果的科学记录。论文的内容是将成果材料经过科学的、逻...
科普论文的结尾应写你得出的结论和对某一问题的建议。如《蚯蚓的视力》一文结尾:"噢,我明白了,蚯蚓是不折不扣的瞎子,它是靠嗅觉来寻找爱吃的食物,用感光器...
科技小论文是指科技工作者在探究某项科技课题解决某一科技问题时,撰写的简短的论文或报告又称为科技短文或简报。科技小论文是科技工作者开展科学研究、技术创...
我个人认为科学小论文的写作包括论点――自己的主要观点,论据――自己的主要证据、自变量、因变量、无关变量,论证――阐述自己的研究、可以用定量具体数据以...
2.字体字号大标题(论文题目),宋体小三号加粗;一级标题,宋体四号加粗;二级标题,宋体小四号加粗;三级标题,宋体小四号;正文及参考文献,宋体小四...2.字体字号...
一样吧,不过非要说有什么不一样的话科技小论文可能偏向小制作什么的,科学小论文是偏向理论方面的。一样吧,不过非要说有什么不一样的话科技小论文可能偏向小...
